General medicine is one of the major subjects in medical studies. Medicine is a vast subject and also very important. Many students feel difficult to study medicine. One should choose best, good and easy book for their studies. One of the most popular book is R Alagappan manual of Practical medicine,it is very much useful for final year students.
Contents of the book:
1. Introduction to Internal Medicine.
• History Taking
General Examination
• Examination of the skin
• Hair
• Face
• Eyes
• The Tongue
• Characteristic Types of Fades
• Constitution
• Stature
• State of Nutrition
• Posture
• Hands and Fingers
• Feet and Toes
• The Skin in Clinical Medicine
• Nails in Clinical Medicine
Temperature
• Normal Temperature Regulation in the Body
• Factors Determining Rate of Heat Production
• Fever
• Pain
• Chest Pain
• Abdominal Pain
• Pain due to Disorders of GIT
• Renal Pain
• Peripheral Vascular Pain Arterial Occlusion
• Venous Pain
• Neurogenic Claudication
Oedema
• Aetiology and Types of Oedema
• Pathophysiology of Oedema
• Characteristic Features of Oedema of Various
Aetiologies
Shock
• Control of Arterial Blood Pressure
• Control Mechanism
• Classification
• Fundamentals in Genetics
• Normal Chromosome Number and Structure
• Chromosomal Abnormalities
• Single Gene Disorders
• Histocompatibility Antigens
• Transplant Rejection
• Autoimmune Diseases
• Immunology and Malignancy
2. Nutrition
• Classification of Nutrients
• Water
• Mocro-nutrients
• Classification of Nutritional Disorders
• Pathological Couses of Nutritional Disorders
• Effects of Malnutrition
• Protein-Enery Malnutrition
Vitamins
• Vitamin A (Retinol)
• Vitamin D
• Vitamin E
• Vitamin K
• Thiamine (Vitamin B.)
• Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
• Niacin (Nicotinic Acid and Nicotinamide)
• Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)
• Biotin
• Vitamin B12 and Folate
• Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
• Inorganic Nutrients
• Sodium
• Potassium
• Calcium
• Phosphorus
fron
lodine
• Zinc
• Fluorine
• Magnesium
• Manganese
• Copper
• Cobalt
• Nickel
• Chromium
• Selenium
• Obesity
• Types of Obesity
• Aetiology
• Pathology
• Prognosis
Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia
• Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia
• Mosaicism
• Chimerism
• Multifactorial or Polygenic Inheritance
• Genomic Imprinting
• Trinucleotide Repeat
• Mitochondrial Disorders
• Common Chromosomal Disorders
• Immunology
• The Immune System and the Basis of Immunity
. Clinical Aspects of Immunology
Immunoglobulins
• Disorders of Immunoglobulins
Immunodeficiency States
• Hypersensitivity Reactions
3. Infectious Diseases
Bacterial Infections
• Staphylococcal Infections
• Streptococcal Infections
• Meningococcal Meningitis
Gonococcal Infection
Diphtheria
Tetanus
Botulism
Gas Gangrene (Clostridial Myonecrosis)
C. difficile Infection (Pseudomembranous Colitis)
Listeriosis
Anthrax
Haemophilus influenzae
Legionella (Legionnaires Disease)
Whooping Cough (Pertussis)
Gram-negative Enteric Bacteria
Escherichia coli
Campylobacter
Enteric Fever
Shigellosis: Bacillary Dysentery
Cholera
Brucellosis (Undulant Fever)
Plague
Helicobacter pylori
Anaerobic Infections
Nocardiosis
Atypical Mycobacteria
Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis
Leprosy (Hansen's Disease)
Chancroid
Granuloma Inguinale
Chlamydial Infections
Mycoplasma Infections
Spirochetal Diseases
Syphilis
Yaws (Framboesia)
Endemic Syphilis (Bejel)
Pinta
Leptospirosis (Weil's Disease)
Relapsing Fever
Rat-bite Fever
Lyme Borreliosis
Rickettsial Infections
Epidemic Louse-Borne Typhus
Endemic Flea-Borne Typhus (Murine Typhus)
Scrub Typhus (Tsutsugamushi Fever)
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Rickettsialpox
Tick Typhus (Rickettsial Fever)
Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis
Diagnosis of Rickettsial Infections
Q-Fever
Kawasaki Disease
Viral Diseases
Classification of Viral Disorders
Viral Infections and Cancer
Viral Pathogenesis
Immunity-Viral Diseases
Diagnostic Virology
Viral Respiratory Disorders
Parainfluenza
Influenza
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
Herpes Virus Infections
Varicella Zoster Infections
Epstein-Barr Virus (HHV-4) and Infectious
Mononucleosis
Cytomegalovirus
Human Herpesviruses Types-6,7 and 8
Human Papillomavirus and Parvovirus Infections
Parvovirus Intections
Variola (Small Pox)
Measles (Rubeola)
Rubella (German Measles)
Mumps
Poliomyelitis
Rabies
Dengue Fever (Break-bone Fever)
Yellow Fever
Japanese B Encephalitis
Chikungunya Virus Infection
Gastrointestinal Virus Infections
Hepatitis Viruses (A-E)
COxsackie Virus Infections
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HV) Infection and
Acquired lmmunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Protozoal Infections
Malaria
Amoebiasis
Giardiasis
Cryptosporidiosis
Trichomoniasis
Balantidiasis
Isosporiasis
Leishmaniasis
Trypanosomiasis
Toxoplasmosis
Pneumocystis jiroveci
Helminthic Infestations
Classification of Helminths that Infest Humans
Ankylostomiasis (Hookworm)
Ascariasis
Strongyloidiasis
Enterobius Vermicularis (Threadworm or
Pinworm)
Trichuris Trichiura (Whipworm)
Tissue-dwelling Human Nematodes
Lymphatic Filariasis
Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia
Loiasis
Onchocerciasis (River Blindness)
Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Infection)
Zoonotic Nematodes
Trichinosis (Trichinellosis)
Cutaneous Larva Migrans (CLM)
Trematodes (Flatworms/Flukes)
Schistosomiasis (Blood Flukes)
Hepatobiliary Flukes
Intestinal Flukes
Lung Flukes
Cestodes (Tapeworms)
Taenia Saginata
Taenia Solium and Cysticercosis
Echinococcosis
Hymenolepiasis Nana
Diphylobothrium latum
Fungal Infections
Candidiasis
Histoplasmosis
Coccidioidomycosis
Pneumocystosis (Pneumocystis jiroveci
Pneumonia)
CryptOcOccosis
Aspergillosis
Mucormycosis (Zygomycosis/Phycomycosis)
Penicillium Marneffei Infections
Mycetoma (Maduromycosis and
Actinomycetoma)
Immunisation Against Infectious Diseases
Milestones in Vaccine Evolution
Adult Immunisation
Cardiovascular System
Symptoms and Signs
Dyspnoea
Angina Pectoris
Palpitation
Syncope
Cyanosis
Arterial Pulse
Blood Pressure
Examination of Neck Veins
Jugular Venous Pressure
Jugular Venous Pulse
General Examination
External Features of Cardiac Disease
Eyes in Cardiology
Inspection
Palpation
Percussion
Auscultation
Heart Sounds
Heart Murmurs
Dynamic Auscultation
Electrocardiogram
Electrical Axis
Left Atrial Enlargement
Right Atrial Enlargement
Left Verntricular Hypertrophy
Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
Biventricular Hypertrophy
Right Bundle Branch Block
Left Bundle Branch Block
Hemiblocks (Fascicular Blocks)
Bi-fascicular Block
Tri-fascicular Block
ECG in Coronary Artery Disease
ECG in Electrolyte Imbalance
ECG Changes with Drug IntOxication
ECG in Acute Pulmonary Embolism
ECG Features of COPD
ECG Features of Hypothermia
ECG in Various Arrhythmias
Congenital Heart Diseases
Classifcation of Congenital Heart Diseases
Cardiac Malposition
Cardiac Abnormalities with Various Genetic
Disorders
Maternal Disease causing CHD
Atrial Septal Defect
Ventricular Septal Defect
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Eisenmenger Syndrome
Tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonary Stenosis
Congenital Aortic Stenosis
Coarctation of the Aorta
Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection
Ebstein's Anomaly
Complete Transposition of the Great Vessels (D-Transposition)
Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Vessels
Truncus Arteriosus
Tricuspid Atresia
Congenital Complete Heart Block
Idiopathic Dilatation of the Pulmonary Artery
Congenital Abnormalities of the Coronary
Arteries
Rheumatic Fever
Valvular Heart Disease
Mitral Stenosis (MS)
Mitral Regurgitation (MR)
Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome (MVPS)
Aortic Stenosis (AS)
Aortic Regurgitation (AR)
Tricuspid Stenosis (TS)
Tricuspid Regurgitation (TR)
Pulmonary Stenosis (PS)
Pulmonary Regurgitation (PR)
Infective Endocarditis (1E)
Cardiac Failure
Aetiology
Pathophysiology
Classification of Cardiac Failure High Output and Low Output Failure
Treatment of Cardiac Failure
Systemic Hypertension
Recommendations of the Eighth Joint National Committee (UNC 8)
Strategies in the usage of Antihypertensive Drugs
Causes of Isolated Systolic Hypertension
Factors Influencing Prognosis
Non-drug Therapy
Drug Therapy
Special Considerations in Antihypertensive Therapy
Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
Unstable Angina
Myocardial Infarction (MI)
Incidence
Risk Factoors
Symptoms
Signs
Myocarditis
Giant Cell Myocarditis
Cardiomyopathies
Dilated (Congestive) Cardiomyopathy
Tako Tsubo Cardiomyopathy
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia
(ARVD)
Restrictive (Obliterative) Cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy
Primary Cardiomyopathies
Secondary Cardiomyopathies
Peripartum Cardiomyopathy (PPCM)
• Pericarditis
Aetiologic Classification
Cardiac Tamponade
Causes
Cardiac Arrest
• Causes
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (Basic Life
Support)
Cardioversion (DC Shock)
Cardiac Surgery
• Cardiac Transplantation
Contraindications to Cardiac Transplantation
5. Respiratory System
Anatomical Landmarks
Bronchopulmonary Segments
• Borders of the Lung
. Pleural Border
• Pulmonary Circulation
Circulation (Bronchial Circulation)
• Symptoms and Signs
• Sputum
Dyspnoea
• Chest Pain
General Examination
• Clubbing
• Examination of the Neck
Scalene Lymph Node
• Significant Node
Lymphatic Drainage of
the Lung and Pleura
• Presence of Veins over the Chest Wall
• External Manifestations of Respiratory Diseases
• Examination of the Respiratory System
• Inspection of Upper Respiratory Tract
• Inspection of Lower Respiratory Tract
Position of Trachea
• Position of Apex Beat
Symmetry of Chest
• Chest Deformities
• Spinal Deformity
• Movement of the Chest
Palpation
Tracheal Tug-Oliver's Sign
Inspiratory Tracheal Descent
Confirmation of Apical Impulse
• Measurement of the Chest Expansion
• Assessing Symmetry of Chest Expansion
• Assessment of Anterior Thoracic Movement
• Assessment of Posterior Thoracic Movement
• Tenderness over the Chest Wall
• Detection of Subcutaneous Emphysema
• Tactile Fremitus
• Friction Fremitus
• Vocal Fremitus
Percussion of the Lung Fields
General Principles
• Areas of Percussion
• Auscultation
• General Principles of Auscultation
• Auscultatory Areas
• Technique of Auscultation
• Importance of Auscultation
• Breath Sounds
• Added Sounds
• Voice Sounds
• Miscellaneous Sounds
Other Features of Clinical Significance
• Others
• Cavity
• Thick-walled Cavity
• Thin-walled Cavity
• Fibrosis
• Types of Fibrosis
• Investigations
• Sputum Examination
• Lung Function Tests
• Bed Side Lung Function Tests
• Spirometry
• Lung Volume Estimation
• Peak Expiratory Flow Rate
• Chest X-ray
• Causes of Bilateral Hilar Enlargement
Causes of Unilateral Hilar Enlargement
• Unilateral Hypertransradiant Hemithorax
• Hemithorax Opacity
• Widespread Alveolar Opacities
• Honeycomb Lung (Air Containing Cysts 0.5-2.0 cm
in Diameter)
• Miliary Mottling (0.5-2 mm Opacities)
• Solitary Pulmonary Nodule
• Multiple Medium Sized Pulmonary Nodules
(5-10 mm)
• Lung Cavities
• Unilateral Elevated Hemidiaphragm
• Bilateral Elevated Hemidiaphragm
• CT Scan
Ultrasound Scan
• MRI Scan
• Gas Diffusion Capacity
• Arterial Blood Gas Analysis
• Ventilation-Perfusion Imaging
• Pulmonary Angiography
• Bronchoscopy
• Pleural Aspiration and Percutaneous
Pleural Biopsy
• Oxygen Therapy
• Respiratory Diseases
• Classification of Respiratory Diseases
• Bronchial Asthma
• Obstructive Sleep Apnoea-Hypopnoea Syndrome
(OSAHS)
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
• Bronchiectasis
• Cystic Fibrosis
• Tuberculosis
• Pneumonia
• Lung Abscess
• Pleural Effusion
• Pneumothorax
• Interstitial Lung Disease
• Bronchogenic Carcinoma
• Mediastinal Mass
• Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
• Pulmonary Hypertension
Cor Pulmonale
• Pulmonary Thromboembolism
• Lung Transplantation
• Indications
• Types
• Prognosis
6. Abdomen
• Clinical Examination
• Signs and Symptoms
• General Examination
• Signs of Liver Cell Failure
• Regions of Abdomen
• Inspection
• Palpation
Percussion
• Auscultation
• Causes of Hepatomegaly
• Causes of Painful Hepatomegaly
• Causes of Pulsatile Liver
• Causes of Splenomegaly
• Causes of Hepatosplenomegaly
• Causes of Hepatosplenomegaly +
Lymphadenopathy
• Gastrointestinal System
• Dysphagia
• Achalasia Cardia
• Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease
• Peptic Ulcer Disease
• Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
Sez. Endoscopy
• Gastrointestinal Bleeding
• Diarrhoea
• Malabsorption
• Tuberculosis of Abdomen
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome
• Ischaemic Colitis
• Carcinoid Tumours
• Gastric Ulcer and Malignancy
• Hepatology and Pancreas
• Hepatic Segments
• Liver Function Tests
• Jaundice
• Congenital Jaundice
• Familial Defects in Hepatic
Excretory Function
• HIV and the Liver
• Pregnancy and the Liver
• Viral Hepatitis
• Chronic Hepatitis
• Prevention of Hepatitis
• Autoimmune Hepatitis
• Polycystic Liver Disease
• Liver Abscess
• Amoebic Abscess
• Steatosis
• Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
• Cirrhosis of Liver
• Variceal Bleeding
• Ascites
• Fulminant Hepatic Failure
• Hepatic Coma (Hepatic Encephalopathy)
• Hepatorenal Syndrome
• Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Hepatoma)
• Metabolic Liver Disease
• Wilson's Disease
• Haemochromatosis
• Reye Syndrome (Fatty Liver with
Encephalopathy)
• Budd-Chiari Syndrome
• Acute Pancreatitis
• Chronic Pancreatitis
Tropical Pancreatitis
• Liver Transplantation
• Cadaver Donor Selection
• Indications
• Contraindications
• Immunosuppression
• Live Donor Transplantation
• Auxiliary Liver Transplantation
• Split Liver Transplantation
• Bioartificial Liver
• Success Rate
• Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System
(MARS)
7. Haematology
• Haematopoiesis and Haematopoietic Growth
Factors
• Cell Divisions
• Haematopoiesis
• Normal Haematopoiesis
• Antigen Designation—Cellular Distribution
• Haematopoietic Stem Cells
• Haematopoietic Stem Cell Differentiation
• Nature of the Marrow Stem Cell
• Stem Cell Diseases
• Therapeutic Application of Stem Cells
• Haematopoietic Growth Factors
• Major Growth Factors
Normal Reference Values in Haematology
• Absolute Reticulocyte Count
• Reticulocyte Index
• Peripheral Film Morphology
• WBC Count
• Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
• Automated Full Blood Analysis
. Anaemia
• WHO Definition
• Practical Classification of Anaemia
• Classification of Anaemia (Based on Reticulocyte Index)
• Symptoms and Signs
• Iron Deficiency Anaemia
• Megaloblastic Anaemia
• Anaemia of Chronic Disease (ACD) (Sideropenic
Anaemia, Simple Anaemia)
• Haemolytic Anaemia
• Hereditary Spherocytosis (HS)
• Sickle Cell Disease
• Thalassaemia
• Pancytopenia
• Aplastic Anaemia
Blood Transfusion
• Indications
• Manipulation of Blood Products
• Hepatorenal Syndrome
• Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Hepatoma)
• Metabolic Liver Disease
• Wilson's Disease
• Haemochromatosis
• Reye Syndrome (Fatty Liver with
Encephalopathy)
• Budd-Chiari Syndrome
• Acute Pancreatitis
• Chronic Pancreatitis
Tropical Pancreatitis
• Liver Transplantation
• Cadaver Donor Selection
• Indications
• Contraindications
• Immunosuppression
• Live Donor Transplantation
• Auxiliary Liver Transplantation
• Split Liver Transplantation
• Bioartificial Liver
• Success Rate
• Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System
(MARS)
7. Haematology
• Haematopoiesis and Haematopoietic Growth
Factors
• Cell Divisions
• Haematopoiesis
• Normal Haematopoiesis
• Antigen Designation—Cellular Distribution
• Haematopoietic Stem Cells
• Haematopoietic Stem Cell Differentiation
• Nature of the Marrow Stem Cell
• Stem Cell Diseases
• Therapeutic Application of Stem Cells
• Haematopoietic Growth Factors
• Major Growth Factors
Normal Reference Values in Haematology
• Absolute Reticulocyte Count
• Reticulocyte Index
• Peripheral Film Morphology
• WBC Count
• Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
• Automated Full Blood Analysis
. Anaemia
• WHO Definition
• Practical Classification of Anaemia
• Classification of Anaemia (Based on Reticulocyten Index)
• Symptoms and Signs
• Iron Deficiency Anaemia
• Megaloblastic Anaemia
• Anaemia of Chronic Disease (ACD) (Sideropenic
Anaemia, Simple Anaemia)
• Haemolytic Anaemia
• Hereditary Spherocytosis (HS)
• Sickle Cell Disease
• Thalassaemia
• Pancytopenia
• Aplastic Anaemia
Blood Transfusion
• Indications
• Manipulation of Blood Products
• Disorders of the White Cells
• Neutrophils
• Lymphocytes
• Eosinophils
• Monocytes
• Basophils
• Myeloproliferative Disorders
• WHO Classification of Myeloid Leukemia
• Polycythaemia Vera
• Essential Thrombocythaemia (Primary
Thrombocytosis)
• Primary Myelosclerosis (Myelofibrosis)
• Myelophthisic Anaemia
• Haematological Malignancies
• Lymphoid Malignancies
• Leukaemias
• Myelodysplastic and Preleukaemic Syndromes
(MDS and PLS)
• Lymphomas
Plasma Cell Dyscrasias
• Plasma Cell Disorders
An Approach to Bleeding Disorders
• History
• Examination
• Bleeding Disorders
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)
Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome (HUS)
HIT-Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia (White Clot
Syndrome)
• Disorder due to Deficiency of Clotting Factors
Bone Marrow Transplantation
• Indications
• Types of Bone Marrow Transplantation
• Selection of the Donor
• Preparation of the Patient
• Marrow Aspiration and Infusion
Bone Marrow Transplantation (BMT) in
Leukaemia
Autologous BMT
• Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
• Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant
• Autologous Stem Cell Transplant
• Peripheral Blood Stem Cell
Transplantation (PBSCT)
8. Nephrology
• Urine Analysis
• Methods of Collection of Urine Specimens
• Dipstick Testing
• Microscopic Analysis
• Haematuria
• Urinary Casts
• Leucocytes in Urine
• Renal Tubular Cells
• Crystals
• Proteinuria
• Reducing Substances in Urine
• 24-hour Urine Studies
• Blood Tests for Evaluating Glomerular Disorders
Serum and Urine Protein Electrophoresis
• Urine Eosinophils
• Renal Ultrasonography
• IV Urography
• Radionuclide Scanning
• MRI Imaging and Angiography
Creatinine Clearance (CI)
• Urinary Tract Infection
• Definitions
• Risk Factors Associated with Urinary Tract
Infection
•Pathogenesis
• Symptoms of UTI
• Principles of Treatment of UTI
• Recommendations for Use and Care of Urinary
Catheters
• Urinary Antiseptics
• Prophylaxis for UTI
• Glomerulopathies
• Classification
Classification of Nephritic Syndrome Based on
Complement Levels
• HIV-associated Nephropathy
• Nephrotic Syndrome
Glomerulonephritis
• Alport Syndrome
• Fanconi Syndrome
• Chronic GN
• Tubulointerstitial Disease of Kidney
• Acute Interstitial Nephritis
• Renal Biopsy-Indications
• Contraindications to Renal Biopsy
• Chronic Interstitial Nephritis
• Polycystic Kidney Disease
Acute Kidney Injury/Acute Renal Failure (ARF)
• Causes of ARF
• Acute Tubular Necrosis
• Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA)
• Chronic Kidney Disease
• Chronic Renal Failure (CRF)
• Dialysis
• Haemodialysis (HD)
• Haemofiltration
• Intermittent Peritoneal Dialysis
. Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis
(CAPD)
• Renal Transplantation
• Rejection
• Immunosuppressive Therapy in Renal
Transplantation
Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance
• Sodium
• Potassium
Acid-Base Balance and its Disorders
• Definitions
• Hydrogen lon Homeostasis
• Approach to Acid-Base Disorders
9. Nervous System
• Higher Functions
• Definitions
• Examination of Higher Mental Functions
• Consciousness
• Causes of Coma
• Approach to Coma
• Appearance and Behaviour
• Emotional State
• Orientation
• Handedness
• General Intelligence
• Memory
• Perceptions
Visuospatial Functions
• Sleep
• Speech and Language
• Cognitive Scales
• Examination of the Cranial Nerves
First Cranial Nerve (Olfactory Nerve)
Second Cranial Nerve (Optic Nerve)
• The Oculomotor (Third), Trochlear (Fourth), and
Abducent (Sixth) Cranial Nerves
Fifth Cranial Nerve (Trigeminal Nerve)
Seventh Cranial Nerve (Facial Nerve)
The Eighth Cranial Nerve (Vestibulocochlear Nerve)
• The Ninth and Tenth Cranial Nerves (Glossopharyngeal
and Vagus Nerves)
• Eleventh Cranial Nerve (Accessory Nerve)
The Twelfth Cranial Nerve (Hypoglossal Nerve)
• Spinomotor System
• Corticobulbar and Corticospinal (Pyramidal)
System
• Extrapyramidal System
• Neuromuscular System (Lower Motor Neurons)
• Cerebellum
• Sensory System
• Positive Phenomena
• Negative Phenomena
• Cutaneous Afferent Innervation
• Sensory Pathways
. Modalities of Sensation to be Tested
• Arrangement of Sensory Fibres
• Sensory Dermatomes
• Proprioceptive Sensations
• Vibration Sense
• Muscle Sensitivity
• Cortical Sensations
• Epilepsy
• Classification of Seizures
• Precipitating Factors for Epilepsy
• Causes
• Age-related Causes of Seizures
• Status Epilepticus
• Epilepsy in Pregnant Women
• Psychogenic Seizures
• Neurocutaneous Syndromes
• Neurofibromatosis
• Tuberous Sclerosis
• Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome
• Sturge-Weber Syndrome
• Ataxia Telangiectasia
• Cerebrovascular Disorders
• Stroke
• Young Stroke
• Subclavian Steal Syndrome
• Lacunar Infarction
• Cortical Venous Thrombosis (Dural Sinus
Thrombosis)
• Intracerebral Haemorrhage (ICH)
• Subarachnoid Haemorrhage (SAH)
Brain Death
• Essential Neurological Signs
Headache
• Pain Sensitive Structures
• Pain Insensitive Structures
• Mechanisms of Production of Headache
• Headache Caused by Systemic Illness
Neoplastic Disease of the Central Nervous System
• Spinal Cord Tumours (Excluding Secondaries)
• Cerebral Tumours
• Ring Enhancing Lesion--Differential Diagnosis
Movement Disorders
• Classification
• Parkinson's Disease
Parkinsonism Plus Syndromes
Motor Neuron Disease
• Genetic Classification
• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
• Progressive Muscular Atrophy (Predominant LMN
Involvement)
• Progressive Bulbar Palsy
• Primary Lateral Sclerosis (Predominant UMN
Involvement)
• Pseudobulbar Palsy (UMN Fibres Corticobulbar Tracts)
of Cranial Nerves
• Variants of Motor Neuron Disease
• Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)
Ataxic Disorders (Cerebellar and Spinocerebellar)
• Hereditary Ataxia
• Congenital Ataxias
Ataxic Disorders with known Metabolic or Other
Causes
• Ataxic Disorders of Unknown Aetiology of Early Onset
Ataxic Disorders of Unknown Aetiology of Late
Onset
• Multiple Sclerosis
• Clinical Features not Suggestive of MS
Features that Differentiate MS from Other
Demyelinating Disorders
• Meningitis
• Types of CNS TB
• Complications of TB Meningitis
Corticosteroids in CNS Tuberculosis
• Encephalitis
• Slow Virus Disease
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Horner's Syndrome
• The Spine
• Curvature Disorders
• Spinal Cord
• Vascular Syndromes of Spinal Cord
• Spinal Cord Disorders
• Traumatic Lesions of the Spinal Cord
• Tuberculosis
• Syphilis
• Epidural Abscess
• Epidural Haemorrhage and Haematomyelia
• Cervical Spondylosis
• Lumbar Canal Stenosis
• Paraplegia
• Syringomyelia
• Subacute Combined Degeneration (Posterolateral
Sclerosis of the Spinal Cord)
• Other Causes of Posterolateral Column
Syndrome
• Craniovertebral Junction (CVJ) Anomalies
• Classification
• Peripheral Neuropathy
• Pathogenesis
Classification of Peripheral Neuropathy
• Symptoms
• Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating
Polyneuropathy
• Hereditary Sensory Motor Neuropathy (Charcot-Marie
Tooth Disease)
• Polymyositis
• Classification
Muscular Dystrophies
• Classification
• Mitochondrial Myopathy
• Congenital Myopathies
• Central Core Disease
• Nemaline Myopathy
• Centronuclear Myopathy
• Myotonia Congenita (Thomson's Disease)
• Paramyotonia Congenita
• Myasthenia Gravis
• Myasthenic Syndrome (Eaton-Lambert
Syndrome)
10. Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
• Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
• Anatomy
• Anterior Lobe
• Neurohypophysis
• Hypopituitarism
• Aetiology
• Hypersecretory Disorders of Anterior Pituitary
• Acromegaly and Gigantism
• Hyperprolactinaemia
• Pituitary Tumours
• Pituitary Hyperplasia
. Empty Sella Syndrome
Craniopharyngioma
• Disorder of the Neurohypophysis
• Diabetes Insipidus
• Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone
Secretion
• Thyroid Disorders
• Anatomy and Physiology of Thyroid Gland
• Hyperthyroidism
• Hypothyroidism
• Thyroiditis
• Malignant Tumours of the Thyroid
• Medullary Carcinoma
Disorders of Parathyroid Gland and Calcium and
Phosphorus Metabolism
• Anatomy and Physiology
• Actions of Parathormone
• Actions of Calcitonin
Parathormone Related Peptide (PTHrp)
• Causes of Hypercalcaemia
• Primary Hyperparathyroidism
• Hypercalcaemia in Malignancy
• Endocrine Causes of Hyperparathyroidism
• Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (Increased PTH and Calcium may be Normal or Low)
• Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
• Hypocalcaemic Disorder
• Adrenal Glands
• Anatomy and Physiology
• Primary Hyperaldosteronism
• Secondary Hyperaldosteronism
• Cushing's Syndrome
• Adrenal Insufficiency
• Adrenal Crisis
• Phaeochromocytoma
• Sexual Disorders
• Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
• Aetiologic Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
• Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (Statistical Risk Disease)
• Diagnosis
• Insulin Therapy
• Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
• Acute Complications of Diabetes
• Long-term Complications of Diabetes
• Diabetic Foot
• Diabetic Nephropathy (DN)
Pregnancy and Diabetes
• Surgery and Diabetes
• Hypoglycaemia in Adults
• Fed (Reactive) Hypoglycaemias
• Hyperlipoproteinaemias
• Structure
• Classification of Lipoproteins and their Composition
• Osteomalacia
• Aetiology
• Osteoporosis
• Aetiology
• Male Osteoporosis
• Paget's Disease
11. Connective Tissue Disorders
• Arthritis
• Approach to Musculoskeletal Pain
• Classification
• Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Drug Therapy
• Osteoarthritis (OA)
• Spondyloarthropathy
• Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
• Mixed Connective Tissue Disease
• Progressive Systemic Sclerosis
• Vasculitis Syndromes
• Polyarteritis Nodosa
• Churg-Strauss Disease (Allergic Angiitis or
Granulomatosis)
• Wegener's Granulomatosis (WG)
• Temporal Arteritis (Giant Cell Arteritis, Cranial Arteritis)
• Takayasu's Arteritis (Aortic Arch Syndrome)
• Kawasaki Disease (Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome)
• Behçet's Syndrome
Sjogren's Syndrome (SS) (Autoimmune Exocrinopathy/
Autoimmune Epithelitis)
• Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome (APS)
12. Oncology
• Basic Concepts
Genes and Cancer
• Tumour Suppressor Genes and Familial Cancers
• Cell Biology of Cancer
• Aetiology of Cancers
• Carcinogens
• Clinical Features of Cancer
• General Features
• Specific Clinical Features
Investigations
• Diagnosis Staging
• Performance Status
• Cancer Screening
• Complications
• Vaccination of Cancer Patients
• Paraneoplastic Syndromes
• Endocrine Syndromes
• Haematologic Syndromes
• Neurologic Syndromes
• Oncologic Emergencies
• Superior Vena Caval Obstruction
Increased Intracranial Pressure (Brain Metastasis)
• Meningeal Carcinomatosis
• Intracerebral Leucocytostasis (Ball's Disease)
• Seizures
Spinal Cord Compression
• Malignant Effusions
• Airway Obstruction
• Haemoptysis
• Intestinal Obstruction
• Urinary Obstruction
• Biliary Obstruction
• Other Emergencies
Metastatic Cancer of Unknown Primary Site
Biologic Behaviour
• Clinical Evaluation
• Pathological Evaluation or Biopsy
• Principles of Cancer Therapy
• Surgery
• Radiation Therapy
• Chemotherapy
• Therapy of Selected Cancers
• Symptom Control in Severe Cancer
• Pain
• Nausea and vomiting
• Pruritus
• Hiccup
• Breathlessness
• Cachexia/Anorexia
• Constipation
• Complications of Therapy
• Late Effects of Cancer Therapy
13. Geriatric Medicine
• Ageing
• Postulated Mechanisms for Ageing
• Some Physiological Effects of Ageing
• Characteristics of Disease in Old Age
Giants of Geriatric Medicine
• Principles of Management of Geriatric Problems
• Drugs Cleared by the Kidney which should be closely
Monitored in the Elderly
14. Substance Abuse
• Alcohol
• Risk Factors for Alcoholic Liver Disease
• Effect of Alcohol on Liver
• Alcohol and Central Nervous System (CNS)
• Tobacco Alcohol Amblyopia
• Nutritional Deficiency Syndrome
• Pregnancy and Alcohol
Gastrointestinal
• Haematology
• Cardiovascular System
• Respiratory System
• Genitourinary System
• Bone
• Endocrine
• Skin
• Alcohol and Malignancy
• Alcohol and Lymphatic System
• Alcohol and Drug Interactions
• Psychological
• Social
• Alcoholic Coma
• Alcohol Withdrawal
• Alcohol Dependence-Drugs Used for Management
• Smoking
• Contents of Cigarette Smoke
• Pharmacology of Cigarette Smoke
• Characteristics of Smokers
• Clinical Correlations
• Passive Smoking
• Smoking and Drugs
• Types of Smoking
• Cessation Process
• Cessation Methods
15.Imaging Modalities in Internal Medicine
• X-ray
• Chest Film
• Plain Abdominal Film
• Plain X-ray Skull
• X-ray Hands
• Contrast Studies
• Intravenous Urography Pyelography (IVU or IVP)
• Angiography
• Radioisotope Scanning
• Cardiac Scanning
• Brain Scanning with 99mTc
• Ventilation/Perfusion Scan (V/Q Scan) MTc Bone Scan
• Renal Scan
• Adrenal Scan
• Hepatobiliary Scan
• Thyroid Scan
• White Cell Scan
• Gallium-67 Scan
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography(SPECT)
• Ultrasound
Abdominal Scan
• Echocardiography
Thyroid Scan
• Orbit and Eye
Large Veins and Arteries
Special Techniques
• Computed Tomography (CT) Scan
• CT Brain
• CT Chest
• CT Angiography
• Benefits
• Risks
• CT Coronary Angiography
• CT-Abdomen
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Advantages of MRI 9
Diffusion-weighted MRI
• Disadvantages of MRI
16. Procedures
• Pleural Aspiration
• Indications for Pleural Aspiration
Indications for Therapeutic Aspiration
Site of Aspiration
• Pleural Aspiration Needle
Procedure
• Pleural Biopsy
Lumbar Puncture
Indications
• Contraindications
• Lumbar Puncture Needle
• Procedure
• Queckenstedt's Test
• Procedure
• Cisternal Puncture
• Pericardiocentesis
• Indications
• Needle
• Procedure
• Aftercare
Ascitic Fluid Aspiration (Paracentesis)
• Indications
• Procedure
Aftercare
Bone Marrow Aspiration
• Indications
• Contraindication
• Needles
• Procedure
• Trephine Biopsy
• Liver Biopsy
• Indications
• Contraindications
Liver Biopsy Needles
• Procedure
Aftercare
• Kidney Biopsy
• Contraindications
• Procedure
• Aftercare and Complications
• Setting up a Drip
• Indications
• Precautions
• Procedure
• Administration of Intravenous Cytotoxics
• Procedure
• Contraindications for Cytotoxic Therapy
• Problems
Percutaneous Central Venous Cannulation
• Procedure
• Maintenance of Central Venous Cannulation
• Passing a Nasogastric Tube
• Procedure
• Problems
Aftercare and Complications
. Urethral Catheterisation
• Indications
• Contraindications
• Choice of Catheters
• Procedure
• Problems
Arterial Puncture
Contraindications
Site of Puncture
• Procedure
• Tracheostomy
• Indications
Types
• Tracheostomy Tubes
Procedure
• Postoperative Care
• Removal of Tube
Endotracheal Intubation
• Types
• Procedure
Laboratory Reference Values
Serum Biochemistry
• Serum Enzymes
• Haematologic Values
• Urine
• Stool
• Sweat
• Hormones
• Cerebrospinal Fluid
Index
About the Author :
Dr.R Alagappan MD FIPS
Formerly Director professor & Head, Institute of Internal Medicine,Madras Medical College and Government General Hospital Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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